What Is to Be Done? (Russian: Что делать?, romanized: Chto delat'?, lit. 'What to do?') is an 1863 novel written by Russian philosopher, journalist, and literary critic Nikolay Chernyshevsky, written in response to Fathers and Sons (1862) by Ivan Turgenev. The chief character is Vera Pavlovna, a woman who escapes the control of her family and an arranged marriage to seek economic independence. Source: Wikipedia (en)