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The presence of women in science spans the earliest times of the history of science wherein they have made significant contributions. Historians with an interest in gender and science have researched the scientific endeavors and accomplishments of women, the barriers they have faced, and the strategies implemented to have their work peer-reviewed and accepted in major scientific journals and other publications. The historical, critical, and sociological study of these issues has become an academic discipline in its own right. The involvement of women in medicine occurred in several early western civilizations, and the study of natural philosophy in ancient Greece was open to women. Women contributed to the proto-science of alchemy in the first or second centuries CE During the Middle Ages, religious convents were an important place of education for women, and some of these communities provided opportunities for women to contribute to scholarly research. The 11th century saw the emergence of the first universities; women were, for the most part, excluded from university education. Outside academia, botany was the science that benefitted most from contributions of women in early modern times. The attitude toward educating women in medical fields appears to have been more liberal in Italy than in other places. The first known woman to earn a university chair in a scientific field of studies was eighteenth-century Italian scientist Laura Bassi. Gender roles were largely deterministic in the eighteenth century and women made substantial advances in science. During the nineteenth century, women were excluded from most formal scientific education, but they began to be admitted into learned societies during this period. In the later nineteenth century, the rise of the women's college provided jobs for women scientists and opportunities for education. Marie Curie paved the way for scientists to study radioactive decay and discovered the elements radium and polonium. Working as a physicist and chemist, she conducted pioneering research on radioactive decay and was the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize in Physics and became the first person to receive a second Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Sixty women have been awarded the Nobel Prize between 1901 and 2022. Twenty-four women have been awarded the Nobel Prize in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine. Source: Wikipedia (en)
Works about women in science 36
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Pioneiras da ciencia en Galicia
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The Science Glass Ceiling Academic Women Scientist and the Struggle to Succeed
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The Madame Curie complex: the hidden history of women in science
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Blazing the trail: essays by leading women in science.
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Gender and the science of difference: cultural politics of contemporary science and medicine
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Women of science: righting the record
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Transforming science and engineering: advancing academic women
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Ladies in the Laboratory III: South African, Australian, New Zealand, and Canadian women in science : nineteenth and early twentieth centuries ; a survey of their contributions
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Beyond bias and barriers fulfilling the potential of women in academic science and engineering
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Removing barriers: women in academic science, technology, engineering, and mathematics
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Sex, gender, and science
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Ladies in the Laboratory II: West European Women in Science, 1800-1900: A Survey of Their Contributions to Research
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Discovering Reality: Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science
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A feeling for the organism: the life and work of Barbara McClintock
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The gender and science reader
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Women in mathematics: the addition of difference
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Feminism in twentieth-century science, technology, and medicine
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Has feminism changed science?
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The Door in the Dream: Conversations With Eminent Women in Science
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Why so slow?: the advancement of women
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Feminism and science
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History of women in the sciences: readings from Isis
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Women's science: learning and succeeding from the margins
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Natural eloquence: women reinscribe science
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The equity equation: fostering the advancement of women in the sciences, mathematics, and engineering
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The mind has no sex ?: women in the origins of modern science
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Reflections on gender and science
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Who Succeeds in Science?: The Gender Dimension
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Love, power, and knowledge: towards a feminist transformation of the sciences
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Outer Circle: Women in the Scientific Community
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Feminism and science 1
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