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photo credits: Wikimedia Commons
The 19th century began on 1 January 1801 (represented by the Roman numerals MDCCCI), and ended on 31 December 1900 (MCM). It was characterized by vast social upheaval. Slavery was abolished in much of Europe and the Americas. The First Industrial Revolution, though it began in the late 18th century, expanded beyond its British homeland for the first time during the 19th century, particularly remaking the economies and societies of the Low Countries, the Rhineland, Northern Italy, and the Northeastern United States. A few decades later, the Second Industrial Revolution led to ever more massive urbanization and much higher levels of productivity, profit, and prosperity, a pattern that continued into the 20th century. In the Middle East, it was an era of change and reform. The Islamic gunpowder empires fell into decline and European imperialism brought much of South Asia, Southeast Asia, and almost all of Africa under colonial rule. Reformers were opposed at every turn by conservatives who strove to maintain the centuries-old Islamic laws and social order. The 19th century also saw the collapse of the large Spanish and Mughal empires, which paved the way for the growing influence of the British, French, German, Russian, Austro-Hungarian, Italian, and Japanese empires along with the United States. Following the defeat of France in the Napoleonic Wars, the British and Russian empires expanded considerably, becoming two of the world's leading powers. Russia expanded its territory to the Caucasus and Central Asia. The Ottoman Empire underwent a period of Westernization and reform known as the Tanzimat, vastly increasing its control over core territories in the Middle East. However, it remained in decline and became known as the sick man of Europe, losing territory in the Balkans and North Africa. The remaining powers in the Indian subcontinent, such as the Maratha and Sikh empires, suffered a massive decline, and their dissatisfaction with the British East India Company's rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the company's dissolution. India was later ruled directly by the British Crown through the establishment of the British Raj. During the post-Napoleonic era (after 1815), Britain enforced what became known as the Pax Britannica, which ushered in unprecedented globalization on a massive scale. Britain's overseas possessions grew rapidly in the first half of the century, especially with the expansion of vast territories in Canada, Australia, India, and in the last two decades of the century in Africa. By the end of the 19th century, the British controlled a fifth of the world's land and a quarter of the world's population. By the end of the century, Britain, France, Germany, and the United States had colonized almost all of Oceania. In East Asia, China under the Qing dynasty endured its century of humiliation by foreign powers that lasted until the first half of the 20th century. The last surviving man and woman, respectively, verified to have been born in the 19th century were Jiroemon Kimura (1897–2013) and Nabi Tajima (1900–2018), both Japanese. Source: Wikipedia (en)
Works about 19th century 60
De l'affranchissement des esclaves et de ses rapports avec la politique actuelle
Die Reaktion in Deutschland
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Our Old Home: A Series of English Sketches
Autour du Drapeau 1789-1889
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The Island of Formosa
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Lejos del nido
Die schwarzen Brüder
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Fashionable Brighton 1820-1860
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Social and economic development of Crewe
Primitive Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social Movement in the 19th and 20th centuries
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Un segle de vida catalana (1814-1930)
The Age of Capital: 1848–1875
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General Pitt-Rivers: evolution and archaeology in the nineteenth century
Grenzgängerinnen: Revolutionäre Frauen im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert – weibliche Wirklichkeit und männliche Phantasien
„Wir fordern alles“
Le temps, le désir et l'horreur : essais sur le dix-neuvième siècle
Die abenteuerliche Geschichte der Filomena Findeisen
A Dangerous Fortune
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A Merseyside Town in the Industrial Revolution: St Helens 1750–1900
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Industry in the Landscape, 1700-1900
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Politics and Preservation: A Policy History of the Built Heritage, 1882-1996
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Nameless Offences: Homosexual Desire in the 19th century
„Unser Hotel ist judenfrei“: Bäder-Antisemitismus im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert
Brunel: The Man Who Built the World
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A Town in Crisis: Altrincham in the Mid-Nineteenth Century. The 1852 Board of Health Maps and Other Evidence
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Spaces of Consumption: Leisure and Shopping in the English Town, c.1680–1830
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Fighting Ships, 1750-1850
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The Archaeology of Improvement in Britain, 1750–1850
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Loyalism and Radicalism in Lancashire, 1798-1815
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Plague Ports: The Global Urban Impact of Bubonic Plague, 1894-1901
Le Relief au croisement des arts du XIXe siècle
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Destruction of Cultural Heritage in 19th-century France: Old Stones versus Modern Identities
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