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The 13th century was the century which lasted from January 1, 1201 (represented by the Roman numerals MCCI) through December 31, 1300 (MCCC) in accordance with the Julian calendar. The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan, which stretched from Eastern Asia to Eastern Europe. The conquests of Hulagu Khan and other Mongol invasions changed the course of the Muslim world, most notably the Siege of Baghdad (1258), the destruction of the House of Wisdom and the weakening of the Mamluks and Rums which, according to historians, caused the decline of the Islamic Golden Age. Other Muslim powers such as the Mali Empire and Delhi Sultanate conquered large parts of West Africa and the Indian subcontinent, while Buddhism witnessed a decline through the conquest led by Bakhtiyar Khilji. The earliest Islamic states in Southeast Asia formed during this century, most notably the Samudera Pasai. The Kingdoms of Sukhothai and Hanthawaddy would emerge and go on to dominate their surrounding territories.Europe entered the apex of the High Middle Ages, characterized by rapid legal, cultural, and religious evolution as well as economic dynamism. Crusades after the fourth, while mostly unsuccessful in rechristianizing the Holy Land, inspired the desire to expel Muslim presence from Europe that drove the Reconquista and solidified a sense of Christendom. To the north, the Teutonic Order christenized and gained dominance of Prussia, Estonia, and Livonia. Inspired by new translations into Latin of classical works preserved in the Islamic World for over a thousand years, Thomas Aquinas developed Scholasticism, which dominated the curricula of the new universities. In England, King John signed the Magna Carta, beginning the tradition of Parliamentary advisement in England. This helps develop the principle of equality under law in European judisprudence.The Southern Song dynasty began the century as a prosperous kingdom but were later invaded and annexed into the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols. The Kamakura Shogunate of Japan successfully resisted two Mongol invasion attempts in 1274 and 1281. The Korean state of Goryeo resisted a Mongol invasion, but eventually sued for peace and became a client state of the Yuan dynasty.In North America, according to some population estimates, the population of Cahokia grew to be comparable to the population of 13th-century London. In Peru, the Kingdom of Cuzco began as part of the Late Intermediate Period. In Mayan civilization, the 13th century marked the beginning of the Late Postclassic period. The Kanem Empire in what is now Chad reached its apex. The Solomonic dynasty in Ethiopia and the Zimbabwe Kingdom were founded. Source: Wikipedia (en)
Works about 13th century 37
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King John, Henry III and England’s Lost Civil War
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The Medieval Gift and the Classical Tradition: Ideals and the Performance of Generosity in Medieval England, 1100–1300
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Joan De Valence: The Life and Influence of a Thirteenth-Century Noblewoman
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Magna Carta
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With All for All: The Life of Simon de Montfort
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Bishops, Clerks, and Diocesan Governance in Thirteenth-Century England
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Alexander II: King of Scots 1214-1249
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Women in Thirteenth-Century Lincolnshire
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Plantagenet England 1225–1360
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The Birth of Nobility: Constructing Aristocracy in England and France, 900–1300
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The English & the Normans: Ethnic Hostility, Assimilation, and Identity 1066-c.1220
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Vor den Toren von Byzanz
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Women, Art and Patronage from Henry III to Edward III, 1216–1377
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Les fortifications des Plantagenêts en Poitou 1154-1242
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England under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225
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Under the Hammer: Edward I and Scotland, 1286–1307
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Richard's Castle, 1048 to 1219
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Colonial England, 1066-1215
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The Reign of Henry III
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War and Chivalry: The Conduct and Perception of War in England and Normandy, 1066-1217
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The Battles of Lewes & Evesham, 1264/65
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Châteaux forts et féodalité en Ile de France
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The Three Edwards: War and State in England 1272–1377
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Cheshire Under the Norman Earls, 1066-1237
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The lordship of Glamorgan and Morgannwg 1217–1317
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English rural society 1200–1350
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A medieval Oxfordshire village: Cuxham 1240–1400
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A Baronial Household of the Thirteenth Century
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The Reign of King John
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Church life in England in the thirteenth century
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Studies in the Hundred Rolls; some aspects of thirteenth century administration
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The loss of Normandy (1189-1204) Studies in the history of the Angevin empire
Subject - wd:Q7049